L’aéroport de Notre Dame des Landes, le projet qui divisa les Français

Par le 11 janvier 2018

Le sujet de la création éventuelle d’un nouvel aéroport dans la région de Nantes était depuis plus de 50 ans source de conflits. Ce projet apparu en 1963, visait à remplacer l’aéroport de Château Bougon, situé très proche de l’agglomération nantaise. A l’inverse, l’emplacement choisi pour le nouvel aérodrome, sur les communes de Notre Dame des Landes, Vignieux de Bretagne ainsi que Le Temple de Bretagne, était situé en pleine campagne. Il restait cependant accessible à la ville, ne gênant que des élevages et une agriculture prospère.

 

Le développement d’un aéroport compétent à l’échelle internationale avait un intérêt non seulement pour la ville de Nantes, mais aussi pour tout l’Ouest français, trop souvent laissé à l’écart des échanges du pays. Les liaisons de ce centre de gravité régional auraient alors pu se développer et devenir de plus en plus lointaines et importantes. De plus, cette infrastructure aurait pris la relève de l’aéroport Château Bougon, afin d’accueillir plus de passagers, de desservir de plus lointaines destinations, mais surtout de protéger la population nantaise de la pollution engendrée par une augmentation du trafic, et d’assurer sa sécurité (en phase finale ou au décollage, les avions de l’aéroport nantais survolent des habitations à très basse altitude).

 

Pour répondre à cette contrainte, le territoire réservé à l’aérodrome était constitué de 1200 hectares, afin d’éloigner les premières habitations des pistes de décollages et d’atterrissage. Celles-ci devaient par ailleurs être orientées de manière à les survoler le moins possible afin de réduire les nuisances et le danger. L’aéroport de Nantes actuellement en fonction n’aurait alors plus été réservé qu’à l’aviation d’affaire. C’est donc pourquoi les communes concernées donnèrent un avis favorable à ce projet en 1972, malgré quelques réserves des élus locaux protégeant les intérêts des habitants. La ZAD fut alors créée en 1974 (Zone d’Aménagement Différé, visant à donner aux constructeurs la priorité sur le rachat des territoires destinés à la construction de l’aéroport sur d’autres acheteurs, par l’expropriation des propriétaires). Elle laissait cependant une période de 14 ans aux sujets concernés, au cours de laquelle ils pouvaient déménager ou encore se reconvertir d’un point de vue professionnel afin de compenser la perte de leur terrain. Cela n’empêchait cependant pas les populations locales de s’interroger quant à la légitimité d’un tel projet dans un contexte de crise énergétique (différents chocs pétroliers des années 1970), mais qui amènerait aussi à la disparition ou à la déviation d’axes routiers majeurs du département.

La Zone A Défendre occupée

D’ailleurs, en réaction à ce projet, dès 1973, un premier mouvement de résistance apparut dans les Pays de la Loire, l’ADECA (Association de Défense des Exploitants Concernés par l’Aéroport), afin de faire entendre la voix des agriculteurs expropriés, se retrouvant donc sans travail.
Par ailleurs, un an après la déclaration d’utilité publique, les opposants commencèrent à occuper la ZAD (rebaptisée Zone A Défendre), à organiser donc de grandes manifestations… Ils remirent en question le budget estimé nécessaire à la réalisation de ce projet (561 millions d’euros), que les opposants jugeaient irréel car il n’incluait pas les fonds nécessaires à la réalisation d’axes d’accès à l’aéroport (train, routes, autoroutes…).
Le CSPNB (Conseil Scientifique du Patrimoine Naturel et de la Biodiversité) donna un avis très défavorable. En effet, la zone destinée à l’aéroport se trouvait en partie sur des zones humides en voie de disparition de l’Europe de l’Ouest, mais permettrait cependant la protection du lac de Grand-Lieu, réserve ornithologique importante.

Les opposants au projet manifestent régulièrement

 

Si certains exprimaient leur réserve, d’autres acteurs politiques majeurs étaient plus enthousiastes, tel que Lionel Jospin, qui en 2000, alors Premier Ministre de Chirac, confirma que l’aéroport sera construit. Afin de mieux faire accepter le projet, ils mettaient en avant la possibilité de création de nombreux nouveaux emplois dans la région, tant pour la construction des infrastructures que pour l’accueil du million et plus de passagers envisagés. Plus tard, le gouvernement Valls soutint ce projet, malgré l’opposition du ministère de l’écologie et le discret désaccord de François Hollande.

L’opinion était donc divisée même si les citoyens votèrent pour la réalisation du projet, avec une majorité de oui au référendum de juin 2016, annonçant le début des procédures d’évacuation de la ZAD.

 

Toutes les routes d’accès à la ZAD sont encombrées d’obstacles

C’est donc après tant de luttes variées que la décision a échoué dans les mains d’Emmanuel Macron, qui dut rendre avant le 8 février 2018 une décision finale, qui lancerait les travaux de réalisation de l’aéroport, ou qui clôturerait le projet. Les enjeux étaient énormes pour le Président, si bien écologiques, avec l’opposition ferme de Nicolas Hulot (ministre de l’environnement), qu’économiques, avec la possibilité d’un développement fulgurant de l’Ouest Français.

Il fallait aussi prendre en compte la notion d’autorité de l’Etat : si Macron refusait, il risquait d’être considéré comme faible face à l’opposition. Mais à l’inverse, s’il donnait son accord, il irait dans le sens des Français, majoritairement intéressés par la construction de l’aéroport tout en prenant le risque de passer pour quelqu’un de cruel envers les manifestants.

Finalement, après un combat long de plus de 50 ans, un dossier perpétuellement remis aux suivants par les gouvernements, le Président Emmanuel Macron imposa son autorité en tranchant sur le sujet. A l’issue du conseil des Ministres du mercredi 17 Janvier 2018, le Premier Ministre Edouard Philippe a annoncé, entouré de Nicolas Hulot, ou encore Gérard Colomb, l’abandon du projet. Il a par la même occasion assuré que la compagnie de travaux qui avait remporté l’appel d’offre pour la construction de l’aéroport serait indemnisée. Restaient cependant les centaines de zadistes toujours présents sur les lieux, à évacuer de la zone dans la plus grande sécurité possible. Cette opération est délicate. Il n’est pas rare qu’elle donne lieu à des confrontations des civils face aux policiers, avec parfois de graves accidents (dont un mort) dus aux nombreux pièges que cachait la ZAD depuis des années, ainsi qu’aux obstacles. On parle de présence d’armes à feu, d’acide, de pièges à loups, ainsi qu’un réseau de tunnels. Les zadistes utilisaient même une fréquence radio pirate pour communiquer entre eux. L’opération de délogement impliquerait 2500 gendarmes mobiles qui agiraient face à des militants ayant l’avantage de connaître parfaitement le terrain.

 

Si le projet de construction de l’aéroport de Notre Dame des Landes a été fortement contesté, il a aussi été le prétexte d’autres convictions qui seront elles aussi sources de conflits, comme le refus éventuel d’évacuation des terres. Le dossier n’est donc toujours pas clos.

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